Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, Symptoms, Risks and Treatment Options

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, or PCOS, is a disorder of the female endocrine system, the system of glands which produce hormones to regulate the body’s functions. In normal ovaries, eggs are developed and released by the follicles. The empty follicles then dissolve and are reabsorbed into the ovary.

Hormones and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome causes high levels of androgens to be produced. This prevents the eggs to mature. The immature follicles cannot dissolve like normal and instead develop into small fluid-filled cysts, often referred to as “sac of pearls”. The high levels of androgens can also cause multiple symptoms.

Symptoms of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Women with PCOS typically experience:

Irregular and/or unpredictable periods – These can be absent or infrequent periods, or periods that occur too frequently
Several small ovarian cysts
Severe acne or acne that doesn’t respond to treatment
Oily skin
Acanthosis nigricans – abnormal patches of skin that appear dark and velvety
Hirsutism – abnormal hair growth on the chest, face, upper thighs, and abdomen
Male-pattern hair loss or baldness
Obesity – affects about 8 out of 10 women with PCOS
Infertility

If you’re experiencing these symptoms, please make an appointment with your OB-GYN. Keep notes of your symptoms and be sure to ask any questions. Your OB-GYN will make a diagnosis based on your symptoms, hormone levels, and/or the findings on ultrasound.

Health Risks of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

The precise causes of PCOS are unknown. However, we do know it is related to insulin resistance and increased levels of androgens (male hormones) in the bloodstream. These factors contribute to a woman’s risk of serious illness and complications relating to PCOS. Research shows that women with PCOS have an increased risk of developing:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Hypertension
Cholesterol problems
Cardiovascular disease
Metabolic syndrome
Endometrial hyperplasia – a disease in which the endometrium grows too thick, which raises the risk of endometrial cancer.

Treating Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

If you are diagnosed with PCOS, your OB-GYN will recommend a course of treatment based on your symptoms, your medical history, and your desire to become pregnant in the future. If you do wish to become pregnant, it’s important that your course of treatment restores your ability to ovulate. Some treatments may include:

Combined hormonal birth control pills. This is an oral treatment that delivers both estrogen and progestin to the body to regulate the menstrual cycle and reduce androgen levels. It can reduce menstrual irregularities and decrease unwanted body hair and acne. This treatment plan can work in the long-term for women who no longer wish to become pregnant.

Weight loss. Even a minor weight loss of 10 or 15 pounds can help regulate menstrual periods and insulin levels in women with PCOS. Some women even report an improvement in acne and unwanted hair growth.

Insulin-sensitizing drugs. These drugs are normally used to treat patients with diabetes, but they can help women with PCOS by facilitating the body’s response to insulin. They can also jumpstart ovulation by reducing levels of androgens. This helps put the menstrual cycle back on track.